Fever - Type, Cause, Sign and Symptom, and Treatment

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What is a fever?
Fever is the body temperature rising abnormally. Febrile or fever is generally interpreted in body temperature above 37.2 º C.

Range of different types of fever
Type of fever that may be encountered include:
1. Septic fever
Temperature gradually rose to the level that high once at night and fall back to the level above normal in the morning. Complaints are often accompanied by chills and sweating. When high fever is down to the level of a normal fever is also called hectic.
2. Fever remittances
Body temperature can go down every day but never reached normal body temperature. Causes may be recorded temperatures can reach two degrees and no temperature differences were noted for septic fever.
3. Intermittent fever
Body temperature dropped to the level of normal for several hours in a day. When the fever as it occurs within two days once called tersiana and if there are two free days of fever between the two bouts of fever called kuartana.
4. Continuous fever
Temperature variations throughout the day did not differ by more than one degree. At the level of persistent high fever once called hyperpyrexia.
5. Cyclic fever
An increase in body temperature for several days, followed by a period free of fever for several days followed by a rise in temperature as before.
A type of fever is sometimes associated with a particular disease such as type of intermittent fever for malaria. A patient with symptoms of fever may be connected immediately with an obvious cause such as abscesses, pneumonia, urinary tract infections, malaria, but sometimes simply can not be connected immediately with an obvious cause. In practice 90% of the patients with fever who had just experienced, is primarily a self-limiting illness such as influenza or other similar viral diseases. But this does not mean we do not have to remain vigilant against bacterial infection.

Causes of fever
The cause of fever besides infection can also be caused by circumstances toxemia, malignancy or a reaction to the drug, also in disorders of the central temperature regulation center (eg, cerebral hemorrhage, coma). Basically to achieve the required accuracy of diagnosis of the causes of fever include: accuracy of patient medical history taking, physical examination execution, observation of the disease course and laboratory evaluation. and other appropriate support and holistic.
Some specific things to look for in a fever is a fever ways, the old fever, high fever as well as complaints and symptoms that accompany fever lian.
Undiagnosed fever is a condition where a patient has a fever continuously for 3 weeks and the body temperature above 38.3 degrees Celsius and still has not been obtained even though the cause has been studied intensively for one week by means of laboratory and other medical support.

Sign and Symptoms
1. Body temperature over 37.2º C
2. Sweating
3. Elevated Respiratory
4. Shivering


Therapy
1. Antipyretic
2. Antibiotics, according to program
3. Avoid alcohol or ice pack

The Process of Menstruation

Menstruation is the periodic and cyclic bleeding from the uterus caused by the collapse of the endometrial tissue. The process of menstruation takes place with the following steps:

a. Menstrual stage or desquamasi

At the stage of menstruation, from the womb through the vagina with menstrual bleeding and the endometrial lining of the cervical mucus. The blood that comes out does not freeze because there fermen that prevents blood clotting and dilute mucosal pieces.
If your period is a lot of the fermen insufficient causing menstrual blood clots. The amount of bleeding during menstruation is normally ± 50 cc. At the stadium menstrual endometrium becomes thin.


b. Post Menstruum Stadium or Regeneration Stadium

This stage since the day of the fourth period is called the endometrium due to injuries that are released gradually re-covered by a mucous membrane of the epithelium of the newly-endometrial glandular epithelium ± 0.5 mm.

c.  Inter Prolifer Stadium or  Menstruum Stadium

This stage gradually from day 5 of menstruation until day 14 of the first day of menstruation. Glands grow more rapidly than other tissues at this stage of ± 3.5 mm thick endometrium.

d. Pre Menstrual Stadium  or  Secretion Stadium

At this stage endometrial thickness remained unchanged but the form of the gland into a long and winding as well as removing sap. Secretory stage lasts from days to 14-28.

Warm-Hot compresses

Definition of Compress

Compres: a pad of cloth applied firmly to a part of the body; compres may be dry or wet, cold or warm (Smith, 1996).

Based on the above definition that the pack can be supplied in dry or wet and cold or warm. Using a hot compress media can be a bag of hot water / hot water bottle, hot steam, mud, hot towels, electric pads and others.

Benefits / effects of heat

Heat is used extensively in the treatment because it has great effects and benefits. The benefits / effects of heat are (Gabriel, 1996):
a. Physical Effects

Heat can manyebabkan liquid, solid and gas experience expansion in all directions.

b. Effects of Chemical

Heat can increase the speed of chemical reactions. Metabolism in tissues will occur with increasing exchanges between the body of chemicals with body fluids.

c. Biological Effects

Heat can cause dilation of blood vessels that lead to increased blood circulation.

In fisilogis the body's response to heat causes dilation of blood vessels, lowering blood viscosity, reduce muscle tension, increase metabolism and increase the permeability of the capillary network. The response of the heat is used for therapeutic purposes in various conditions and circumstances that occur in the body.

Mechanism of Heat

Heat loss or energy enters the body through the skin in four ways: conduction, convection, radiation and evaporation (Gabriel, 1996).
The working principle of a warm compress by using a hot jar wrapped in a cloth that is the conduction heat transfer which occurs from the bladder into the body so that it will cause the dilation of blood vessels, so it will be a decrease in muscle tension. Compress is performed using hot jar wrapped in a cloth, temperature 36° -38° C, which is placed directly on the right side and left side alternately abdomen between the stomach and right hand side of the left abdomen every 5 minutes for 20 minutes. Hot water is replaced every five to ten minutes to maintain the temperature of the hot jar to keep warm. Compress given until the pain is reduced or lost (Perry and Potter, 1993).

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)

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What is a urinary tract infection?
Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a term used to express the infasi microorganisms in the urinary tract.
Glossary:
1. Significant Asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) is a significant bacteriuria without symptoms.
2. Bacterial Cystitis is a syndrome consisting of:

a. Urinating less time.
b. Frequent urination (day and night).

3. Abacterial Cystitis (urethra Syndrome) is a syndrome consisting of:

a. Urinating less time.
b. Frequent urination without any bacteria in the bladder.

What causes urinary tract infection?
The most common cause of UTI is a Gram-negative bacteria that normally inhabit including intestine which then rises into the urinary system. Of gram negative turns E. Coli occupies the top spot, followed by Proteus, Klebsiela, Enterobacter, and Pseudomonas.
This type of Gram-positive Coccus less frequently as a cause of UTI, while Enterococcus and Stapilococcus aureus is often found in patients with urinary tract stones, elderly men with prostate hipertrophi or in patients using catheters. If found S. aureus in the urine should be suspected hematogenous infection of the kidney. So it is with pseudomonas aeroginosa can infect the urinary tract of hematogan path and in approximately 25% of patients with isolated tipoid salmonilla in the urine. Bacteria that can cause a UTI by way haematogenous is brusela, nokardia, aktinormises, and mycobacterium tuberkolosae.
Viruses are also found in urintanpa symptoms of acute UTI. Adenovirua types 11 and 12 suspected as cause of hemorrhagic cystitis. Hemorrhagic cystitis may also be caused by Scistosoma hematobium flatworms that belong to this class. Candida is a fungus that most commonly cause UTIs, especially in patients with catheters, diabetes mellitus or patients who received treatment with antibiotics spktrum area.


What are the symptoms of urinary tract infections?
Clinical symptoms of UTI are not typical and even in some patients without symptoms. Symptoms are often found is dysuria, polaki Syria, and urinary urgency that usually occur together. Supra pubic pain and pelvic area. Polikisuria occur due to the bladder can not accommodate more than 500 ml urine because of the inflamed mucosa, so frequent urination. Stranguria is a difficult urination accompanied by muscle spasms and waist are often found in acute cystitis. Tenesmus is pain with the desire to empty the bladder was empty though. Nocturia is likely to frequent urination at night due to decreased kandungkemih capacity. Often secondary nocturnal enuresis also found that wetting in adults, the difficulty in initiating urination prostatismus and less heavy flow of urine. Pain urethra, ureter and renal colic.
Clinical symptoms of UTI in accordance with the urine of infected as follows:

1. At the bottom of the UTI, patients usually complain of pain or burning in the urethra during urination with little urine and discomfort in the supra pubic area.
2. At the top of the UTI can be found symptoms of headache, malaise, nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, malaise, or low back pain.

What checks are carried out on urinary tract infections?
1. Urinalysis

a. Leukosuria
b. Hematuria

2. Bacteriological

a. Microscopic
b. Bacterial culture

3. Chemical tests
4. Plat-dye test (Dip-slide)
5. Radiological examination and other examinations.

Anemia In Infants

Anemia is a disease characterized by too few red blood cells (erythrocytes) in the blood.

Causes
Anemia in the newborn may result from:

• Blood loss
• Destruction of red blood cells are excessively
• Impaired red blood cell formation.

The loss of large amounts of blood during the birth process can occur if the placenta is detached from the uterine wall prematurely (placental abruption) or if there is a tear in the umbilical cord.
Infants looked very pale, low blood pressure and shortness of breath.

Anemia in premature infants is usually caused by blood loss (due to repeated blood tests for laboratory tests) and a reduced red blood cell formation.
Under normal circumstances, the bone marrow did not form new red blood cells for 3-4 weeks after birth. Anemia will worsen as the baby's growth rate is faster than the rate of formation of new red blood cells. But premature babies usually do not show symptoms of anemia and this situation will disappear by itself within 1-2 months.

Destruction of red blood cells occurs in:

• Hemolytic disease in newborns: a large number of red blood cells are destroyed by antibodies produced by the mother during the fetus in the womb
• Babies with deformities of the red blood cells, such as spherocytosis (spherical red blood cells)
• Abnormalities of hemoglobin (oxygen carrying protein in red blood cells), such as sickle cell disease or thalassemia
• Infection for the baby in the womb (eg toxoplasmosis, German measles, cytomegalovirus disease, herpes simplex or syphilis).

If blood cells are destroyed, hemoglobin is converted to bilirubin. High levels of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia) causes jaundice and in severe cases, can cause brain damage (kern icterus).

Anemia due to iron deficiency can occur in infants aged 3-6 months if given cow's milk or infant formula is not fortified with iron.

Treatment

• If blood loss occurs during the birth process, immediately given a blood transfusion.
• If the cause is the destruction of red blood cells is excessive, replace transfusion, where the baby's blood is replaced with fresh blood. Red blood cells are damaged, bilirubin and antibodies from the mother's body dumped.
• In iron deficiency anemia are given extra iron.
• If symptoms of severe anemia, a blood transfusion.

Tags : Anemia infants, anemia in babies, anemia in children, anemia babies treatment

Rational Treatment

According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 1987), the use of drugs said to be rational if it meets the criteria:
• According to indications of disease
• Available at all times at affordable prices
• Given the correct dosage
• Route of administration by giving the appropriate time interval
• Duration of the right
• Given drug should be effective, with guaranteed quality and safety.

Thus the use of drugs said to be rational if it satisfies several requirements as follows:

• Accuracy of diagnosis
• Accuracy of the drug indication
• The accuracy of the selection of drugs: therapeutic class, drug type, usefulness, safety, risk SE, price and quality.

The term rational in the treatment if the treatment is done correctly, ie correct diagnosis, appropriate indications, right drug, right dose, method and duration of administration, proper assessment of the condition of the patient, proper information and appropriate follow-up.
.
Symptoms The Irrational Drug Use
• Prescribing excess (over-prescribing)
- Cough common cold were given antibiotics
- Provision of vitamins in children with an ideal weight
• Prescribing less (under prescribing)
- Giving antibiotics for 3 days
- Patients with diarrhea were not given ORS
• Prescribing compound (muliple prescribing)
- Children were given CTM fever cough runny nose, Ephedrine,Glycerin Guaiacolat ( GG ), sedatives
• Prescribing the wrong (incorrect prescribing)
- Children 4 years with cholera given Tetracycline
- Injection vitamin B12 for people with stiff

The Impact of Irrational Drug Use

• Quality treatment and care
• The cost of treatment services
• Possible side effects and other effects are not expected (resistance, the risk of disease transmission, injecting drug penggunakaan not lege artis, and the danger of allergic / anaphylactic shock)
• Psychosocial conditions.

Factors influencing the occurrence of Irrational Drug Use
Recipes Maker :

• The lack of SOPs
• Experience everyday practice
• Information from pharmaceutical companies
• Pressure from patients dal; am the form of a request to prescribe certain drugs based on the patient's own choice
• Recipes maker are less sure of the diagnosis is established. .
• Lack of time for doctors / nurses / midwives to carry out careful examination because of the many patients waiting to be examined.

Patient / community

• Some patients feel belim recovered from his illness when not injected
• Some parents ask their children with diarrhea patients were injected, or given antibiotics or antidiarrheal.

System planning and management of drug

• Limited funding
• Limited number of medications available
• Planning and procurement of drugs does not fit the needs of drugs in health centers
• Wisdom of the drug and health services
• Delegation of authority to conduct the practice of medicine is not based on knowledge of the drug.
• Health services delivering drugs to patients without a prescription

Other

• • The unceasing drug information in the form of advertising
• • Competition practice

More generally irrational use of drugs that will give the general characteristics as follows:

• Where the drug is actually an indication of its use in medical non-existent or vague.
• Selection of the wrong drug for specific disease indications
• Way of drug administration, dose, frequency and duration of administration are not appropriate.
• Use of medications with potential toxicity or side effects is greater when other drugs similar usefulness (efficacy) with the potential effect is smaller as well.
• The use of expensive drugs when cheaper alternatives with the same benefits and security available.
• Does not provide treatment that is already known and accepted usefulness and safety.
• Providing treatment with drugs that expediency and safety is still questionable.
• Use of drugs that primarily based solely on individual experience without reference to sources of scientific information is feasible, or only based on information sources that can not be ascertained truth.
• Use of drugs that do not consider the patient's condition, such as whether there are contraindications, whether dose adjustment should be made in connection with the patient's condition.

How to Prevent and Treatment Cervical Cancer

It has been described in previous articles what is cervical cancer. And how to detect cervical cancer. Then how to prevent and treatment of cervical cancer as follows:

Preventing Cervical Cancer

Although cervical cancer is scary, but we all can prevent it. You can do a lot of precautionary measures before ultimately infected with HPV and cervical cancer. Some practical ways you can do in everyday life include:

Have a healthy diet, rich in vegetables, fruit and cereal to stimulate the immune system. For example, consume a variety of carotene, vitamins A, C, and E, and folic acid can reduce the risk of cervical cancer.

• Avoid smoking. Nicotine makes all the mucous membranes of body cells react or become aroused, both the mucosal throat, lungs, and cervix.
• Avoid vitamin C deficiency
  Lifestyle of high fat foods will make people forget the other nutrients, like beta carotene, vitamin C, and folic acid.
  In fact, all three nutrient deficiencies can cause cervical cancer arise. Beta carotene, vitamin C, and folic acid can improve or strengthen diserviks mucosa.
  
• Avoid having sex too early
  Sexual intercourse should ideally be done after a woman is completely cooked. The size of maturity is not only seen it already menstruating or not. But it also depends on the maturity of the cells contained in the mucosal lining of the inner skin of the body cavity.
  Generally new mucosal cells mature after the woman is aged 20 years and over. So, a woman having sex in their teens most vulnerable when it is done under the age of 16. It deals with the maturity of mucosal cells in the cervix of the woman. At a young age, the mucosal cells of the cervix not ripe.
• Avoid having sex during menstrual period proved to be effective to prevent and inhibit the formation and development of cervical cancer.
• Avoid sex with many partners. Cervical cancer can also appear in women who have multiple sex partners. When you have sex only with their partner, and her partner did not have sex with someone else, then it will not lead to cervical cancer. When changing partners, it is associated with the possibility of contracting venereal disease, one of the Human Papilloma Virus (HPV).
• Undergo routine Pap smear tests regularly. Current Pap smear can be done even at the health center at an affordable price.
• Alternative Pap smear is a test IVA with a cheaper cost of Pap smears. The goal for the early detection of HPV infection.
• Giving the HPV vaccine or vaccination to prevent HPV infection.
• Perform cleaning of intimate organs or vagina known as a toilet. This can be done alone or can be also with the help of expert doctors. The goal is to clean the female sex organs of dirt and disease.
• Use of estrogen.
  The same risk will occur in late postmenopausal women. Because stimulation of the endometrium will be longer, so endometriumnya will more often exposed to estrogen. So it's very possible the cancer occurred.
  No wonder that women who use estrogen uncontrolled highly susceptible to cancer. Generally, the menopausal women in developed countries use estrogen to prevent osteroporosis and heart attacks.
  
  However, its use is very risky because estrogen stimulates the endometrial wall thickening and stimulate endometrial cells that turn into cancer properties

Cervical Cancer Treatment

If infected with HPV, do not worry, because the currently available range of treatments that can control HPV infection. Treatment aims to kill some cells that contain the HPV virus. Another way is to remove the damaged or infected with electric surgery, laser surgery, or cryosurgery (remove the abnormal tissue by freezing).

If cervical cancer has reached an advanced stage, it will be done chemo therapy. In some severe cases may also be performed hysterectomy is the surgical removal of the uterus or womb in total. Aim is to remove cervical cancer cells that have been developed on the body.

However, prevention is better than cure. Therefore, how to prevent HPV infection and cervical cancer? Here are some ways you can do to prevent cervical cancer.